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Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton, usually known as Constance Lytton (born 12 January 1869, Vienna, died 2 May 1923, London) was an influential British suffragette activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for prison reform, votes for women, and birth control. She sometimes used the name Jane Warton.〔〔(New York Times, 24 January 1910, Monday, "JANE WARTON" RELEASED.; Home Office Acts on Learning She Is Lady Constance Lytton. )〕〔〔 Although born and raised in the privileged ruling class of British society, Lytton rejected this background to join the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the most militant group of Suffragette activists, campaigning for "Votes for Women".〔(BBC History, Profile of Lady Constance Lytton )〕〔(Knebworth House, Lytton Family archives and History – Lady Constance Lytton and the Suffragettes )〕〔(Knebworth House – Lady Constance Lytton Timeline, The Principal Events of Lady Constance's Life )〕 She was subsequently imprisoned four times, including once in Walton gaol in Liverpool〔 under the ''nom de guerre'' of Jane Warton, where she was force fed while on hunger strike. She chose the alias and disguise of ''Jane Warton'', an 'ugly London seamstress', to avoid receiving special treatment and privileges because of her family connections: she was the daughter of a viceroy and the sister of a member of the House of Lords.〔 She wrote pamphlets on women's rights, articles in ''The Times'' newspaper,〔 and a book on her experiences ''Prisons and Prisoners'' which was published in 1914.〔〔〔〔Constance Lytton and Jane Warton, Spinster, ''(Prisons and Prisoners, Some personal Experiences )'', in ''A Celebration of Women Writers'' (London: William Heinemann, 1914)〕 While imprisoned in Holloway during March 1909, Lytton used a piece of broken enamel from a hairpin to carve the letter "V" into the flesh of her breast, placed exactly over the heart. "V" for Votes for Women.〔(BBC, Victoria's Sisters by Simon Schama, Lady Lytton's self-mutilation gesture for 'Votes' )〕〔Lytton (1914), chapter 8〕 Lytton remained unmarried, because her mother refused her permission to marry a man from a "lower social order", while she refused to contemplate marrying anyone else. Her heart attack, stroke, and early death at the age of 54 have been attributed in part to the trauma of her hunger strike and force feeding by the prison authorities.〔〔 ==Family== Constance Lytton was the second daughter and third child of Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton and Edith Villiers. Lytton was the Viceroy of India where his daughter spent the first eleven years of her life; it was he who made the proclamation that Queen Victoria was the Empress of India.〔(Votes for Women By June Purvis, Sandra Stanley Holton )〕 Constance Lytton's maternal grandparents were Edward Ernest Villiers (1806–1843) and Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell. Edward Ernest Villiers was a son of George Villiers and Theresa Parker. Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell was a daughter of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth and his wife Maria Susannah Simpson. George Villiers was a son of Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon and Charlotte Capell. Theresa Parker was a daughter of John Parker, 1st Baron Boringdon and his second wife Theresa Robinson. Maria Susannah Simpson was a daughter of John Simpson and Anne Lyon. Charlotte Capell was a daughter of William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex and Lady Jane Hyde. Theresa Robinson was a daughter of Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham and Frances Worsley. Anne Lyon was a daughter of Thomas Lyon, 8th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Jean Nicholsen. Lady Jane Hyde was a daughter of Henry Hyde, 4th Earl of Clarendon and Jane Leveson-Gower. Constance Lytton's paternal grandparents were the novelists Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton and Rosina Doyle Wheeler. Edward Bulwer-Lytton, confidant of Mary Shelley,〔(Tartarus Press, Profile of Edward Bulwer-Lytton )〕 was a florid, popular writer of his day, coining such phrases as "the great unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar", "the pen is mightier than the sword", and the infamous incipit "It was a dark and stormy night". Constance Lytton's great-grandmother was the author and women's rights campaigner Anna Wheeler. Constance Lytton's six siblings were : *Edward Rowland John Bulwer-Lytton (1865–1871) *Lady Elizabeth Edith "Betty" Bulwer-Lytton (12 June 1867 – 28 March 1942). Married Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour, brother of the future Prime Minister Arthur Balfour. *Henry Meredith Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1872–1874) *Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874–1964). Married the architect Edwin Lutyens. Associate and confidante of Jiddu Krishnamurti. *Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton (1876–1947), married Pamela Chichele-Plowden, an early flame of Sir Winston Churchill, who had met her while playing polo at Secunderabad.〔(The Guardian, Sunday 9 November 2003, by David Smith. Letters reveal heartbreak of young Winston )〕 *Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton (6 February 1879 – 9 February 1951) In the early years in India Lytton was educated by a series of governesses and reportedly had a lonely childhood. Although she matured in England surrounded by many of the great artistic, political and literary names of the day, she tended to reject the aristocratic way of life,〔 and after her father died she retired from view to care for her mother,〔 rejecting attempts to interest her in the outside world.〔 Lytton remained unmarried until her death, having been refused permission in 1892 to marry a man from a "lower social order". For several years she waited in vain for her mother to change her mind, whilst refusing to contemplate marrying anyone else. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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